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A finite difference method for solving the quasi one‐dimensional non‐equilibrium hypersonic flow equations in a diverging nozzle is presented and discussed. In chemically reacting flows the system of equations to be solved is very stiff. Some reactions may be several orders of magnitude faster than others and generally, they are much faster than the convective process except for very high Ma numbers. For this reason the development of a numerical scheme whose stability is independent of the chemical reaction rates is of importance. The main advantage of this scheme is the conservation of each chemical component, the positivity of densities and vibrational energies, as well as its relative simplicity, which results in a fast computer code.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influences of positive-framed and negative-framed green advertising on pro-environmental WTP. This study also explores the impacts of regulatory focus, environmental concern and pleasant level on green advertising effectiveness.

Data are collected from a within-participant between-group online experiment in China. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) is employed to investigate the impact of green advertising on WTP. Grouped regression and mediation analyses are conducted to explore the influences of regulatory focus, environmental concern and pleasure on advertising efficacy.

The experimental outcomes indicate that green advertising significantly increases participants’ pro-environmental WTP, and negative-framed advertising is more effective than its positive-framed counterpart. Prevention focus heightens receptivity to green advertising, and the relation of environmental concern to advertising effectiveness is inverted U-shaped. Pleasure mediates the effect of green advertising on the WTP, and this mediating role is influenced by emotional intensity when advertising is negatively framed.

Evidence suggests that green advertising may propel pro-environmental WTP by raising environmental awareness, but such a relationship remains severely understudied. As such, this study pioneers in exploring the impact of different-framed green advertising on pro-environmental WTP, extending the concept of green advertising to environmental management. By considering the influences of regulatory focus, environmental concern and pleasure, this study raises practical implications for designing green advertisements, such as increasing the usage of visual elements.

In few prior empirical studies on supply chain resilience (SCRES), the focus has been on the developed world. Yet, organisations in developing countries constitute a significant part of global supply chains and have also experienced the disastrous effects of supply chain failures. The purpose of this paper is therefore to empirically investigate SCRES in a developing country context and to show that this also provides theoretical insights into the nature of what is meant by resilience.

Using a case study approach, a supply network of 20 manufacturing firms in Uganda is analysed based on a total of 45 interviews.

The perceived threats to SCRES in this context are mainly small-scale, chronic disruptive events rather than discrete, large-scale catastrophic events typically emphasised in the literature. The data reveal how threats of disruption, resilience strategies and outcomes are inter-related in complex, coupled and non-linear ways. These interrelationships are explained by the political, cultural and territorial embeddedness of the supply network in a developing country. Further, this embeddedness contributes to the phenomenon of supply chain risk migration, whereby an attempt to mitigate one threat produces another threat and/or shifts the threat to another point in the supply network.

Managers should be aware, for example, of potential risk migration from one threat to another when crafting strategies to build SCRES. Equally, the potential for risk migration across the supply network means managers should look at the supply chain holistically because actors along the chain are so interconnected.

The paper goes beyond the extant literature by highlighting how SCRES is not only about responding to specific, isolated threats but about the continuous management of risk migration. It demonstrates that resilience requires both an understanding of the interconnectedness of threats, strategies and outcomes and an understanding of the embeddedness of the supply network. Finally, this study’s focus on the context of a developing country reveals that resilience should be equally concerned both with smaller in scale, chronic disruptions and with occasional, large-scale catastrophic events.

This study seeks to determine whether changes in future prices are determined by the shifting of price risk and the presence of risk premiums in transactions between hedgers and speculators. The alternative explanation is that the returns accruing to speculators are a result of the superior forecasting ability processed by speulators. The study examines the characteristics of price movements and net hedging positions in twenty‐nine futures markets.The results of the study are consistent with the presence of both risk shifting to speculators and superior forecasting ability of speculators in futures markets. While the risk bearing explanation may be valid for particular markets under special conditions, forecasting ability may be present in other markets.The implication is useful for investors in determining which markets may reflect ongoing and unidirectional price changes.

Korean‐American firms are becoming powerful business units, yet some questions arise as to how to manage them in the most effective manner. In order to avoid confusion, a definition of Korean‐American firms is required. Korean‐American firms are Korean firms that have set up operations in the United States in the form of factories, storage facilities, and sales offices. In others words, the companies are owned by Korean business people who are used to the Korean way of doing business, and yet employ many Americans. Korean executives must deal with American workers and managers and understand the corporate structure that is commonly used in the United States. While Korean executives would like to implement their management practices, they need to remember that America employees may respond differently than Korean workers. Consequently, this article will be useful to Koreans investing in the United States, as they will learn about American organisation models. At the same time, this article will be useful to American workers who want to learn about their Korean employers and the business practices and values used in Korea. The main objective of this article is to determine how to maximise the performance of Korean‐American firms.

Compared with the fierce price competition in 1998, the well‐order price competition is witnessed in Chinese iron and steel industry now and the pricing behaviors of steel firms also follow the certain rules. Based on the methods of collecting the secondary data and interviewing, this paper examines the pricing behaviors of firms to explain the how Chinese steel firms make their pricing decisions and maintain the well‐order competitive relationship among them. The authors found out that (1) most Chinese steel companies adopt a kind of strategic perspective in their pricing decision making, in which understanding of the market trend and the close attention to their competitors are both important; (2) there obviously exists price leader and followers in Chinese iron and steel industry, and the relationship between price leader and followers is relatively stable and the factor behind this phenomenon is the existence of a kind of informal platform of communication among competitors, government and trade associations.

The present study focusses on algorithmic aspects related to deformation dependent loads in non‐linear static finite element analysis. If the deformation dependency is considered only on the right hand side, a considerable increase in the number of iterations follows. It may also cause failure of convergence in the proximity of critical points. If in turn the deformation dependent loading is included within the consistent linearization, an additional left hand side term emerges, the so‐called load stiffness matrix. In this paper several numerical test cases are used to show and quantify the influence of the two different approaches on the iteration process. Consideration of the complete load stiffness matrix may result in a cumbersome coding effort, different for each load case, and in certain cases its derivation is even not practicable at all. Therefore also several formulations for approximated load stiffness matrices are presented. It is shown that these simplifications not only reduce the additional effort for linearization and implementation, but also keep the iterative costs relatively small and still allow the calculation of the entire equilibrium path.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the energy losses factors during the hydro-mechanical conversion process at high pressure via a novel reduced order dynamic model.

A novel reduced order dynamic model of the axial piston motor was proposed, which provides an explicit insight to the compression flow losses and the Coulomb friction losses. A fully coupled dynamic model of the piston motor was obtained based on the array bond graph method. And then, a reduced order model was obtained by the composition analysis of flow and torque of the axial piston motor. After that, the energy losses estimation model was presented to predict the energy loss of the piston motor under a wide range of working conditions. The model was verified by comparing the experimental and simulation results.

The simulation result indicates that the flow loss caused by oil compression accounts for 59 per cent of the total flow loss, and the Coulomb friction torque accounts for 40 per cent of the total torque loss under a specific working condition. The compression flow loss and Coulomb friction torque are the major factors that lead to the aggravation of energy loss under extreme working conditions of the piston motor.

At high-pressure condition, the compression flow losses due to fluid compressibility cannot be neglected, and the hydro-mechanical losses in varies friction pairs should involve Coulomb friction losses. Flow and torque loss analytical expression in the model involve the design and control parameters of the piston equipment, which can realize the parameter optimization of the piston equipment for the purpose of energy-saving.

Zum Begriff des komplexen Reproduktions‐faktors Tourismus Der Tourismus ist in der heutigen Welt zu einer nicht mehr weg zu denkenden Massenerscheinung geworden. Er ist im besonderen Masse dazu geeignet, Lebensfreude und Leistungsmotivation zu fördern. Mit dem Tourismus ist das psychische und physische Leistungsvermögen nachhaltig zu beein‐flussen. Er verursacht bei den Menschen rationale und emotionale Wirkungen. Der Tourismus ist in der DDR fest in die Wirtschafts‐ und Sozialpolitik eingeordnet.

Examines the extent to which social policy adopted by the colonial government in Hong Kong (prior to its hand‐over China in 1997) has set the agenda for the government of the newly formed Special Administrative Region (SAR). Chronicles the historical development of social policy in Hong Kong since the inception of the colonial government in 1842; identifies that, with the exception of a short‐lived period of expansionism (stimulated by social unrest in the mid‐1960’s) social welfare provision appears to have been low on the government’s agenda and incremental in nature ‐ the emphasis being on economic growth, rather than public spending on welfare programmes. Examines the strengths and weaknesses of this incremental approach; outlines the commitment of the SAR government to the market economy and its proposals for a modest increase in welfare provision, essentially building on the legacy left behind by the colonial government.